Navigating Indonesian Educational Frontiers: The Hidden Curriculum Crafters of English Instructions

Authors

  • Mutmainnah Mustofa Universitas Islam Malang
  • Sohibul Hairi UIN Maulana Malik Ibrahim
  • M Galuh Elga Romadhon Universitas PGRI Wiranegara

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.46870/lets.v6i2.1474

Keywords:

Collaborative, Curriculum Development, English Teaching, Informal Education, Shadow Teachers

Abstract

This research project intends to engage with the perspectives of ’shadow teachers’ who perform private tutoring sessions in Indonesia, focusing on a gap in the literature concerning the construction and execution of English learning programs within informal education settings. Existing studies have explored individualized instruction within formal classroom contexts. However, scant attention has been directed towards the role of shadow teachers with regard to curriculum development beyond the conventional school system. This study hopes to address some of these gaps by drawing upon the practical wisdom of these educators to reveal the complexities, collaborations, and tailored English Language learning program designing as well as the bespoke decision-making processes which occur within non-standardized educational settings.

References

Adipat, S. (2021). Developing Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) through Technology-Enhanced Content and Language-Integrated Learning (T-CLIL) Instruction. Education and Information Technologies, 26(5), 6461–6477. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-021-10648-3

Akomaning, E. (2019). Improving student internship through collaborative curriculum design: Needs and context analysis to inform the design process. In Collaborative Curriculum Design for Sustainable Innovation and Teacher Learning. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20062-6_6

Alam, M. B., & Zhu, Z. (2023). Teaching in the shadows: Exploring teachers’ intentions and behaviors towards private tutoring in Bangladesh. Heliyon, 9(2), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12534

BERA, B. E. R. A. (2018). Ethical Guidelines for Educational Research (Fourth Edition). BERA.

Berger, R. (2015). Now I see it, now I don’t: Researcher’s position and reflexivity in qualitative research. Qualitative Research, 15(2), 219–234.

Canagarajah, S. (2018). Translingual Practice as Spatial Repertoires: Expanding the Paradigm beyond Structuralist Orientations. Applied Linguistics, 39(1), 31–54. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/amx041

Cresswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2013). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. Saga Publications. https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/qualitative-inquiry-and-research-design/book246896

Creswell, J. W. (2006). Qualitative Inquiry & Research Design. Sage Publications.

Darmawan, D., Qomaruzzaman, B., Hanan, A., & Mauliddin, A. I. (2024). The Impact Of Problem-Based Learning On Understanding And Application Of Tafsīr Among University Students Educational Administration: Theory and Practice. Educational Administration: Theory and Practice, 2024(5), 8684–8690. https://doi.org/10.53555/kuey.v30i5.4444

De Jong, L., Meirink, J., & Admiraal, W. (2019). School-based teacher collaboration: Different learning opportunities across various contexts. Teaching and Teacher Education, 86, 102925. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2019.102925

Del Carpio, K. B. (2020). Let’s create a harmonious and peaceful world through quality bilingual education! indigenous tsotsil children and their languages the solution! Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 11(2), 139–144. https://doi.org/10.17507/jltr.1102.01

Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (2022). The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Research Design. In The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Research Design (4th ed.). https://doi.org/10.4135/9781529770278

Diem, C. D., & Abdullah, U. (2020). Promoting multiculturalism: Teachers’ English proficiency and multicultural education in Indonesia. Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 10(1), 46–58. https://doi.org/10.17509/IJAL.V10I1.24983

Falchikov, N. (2020). How theory can inform practice. In Learning Together. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203451496-10

Graves, K. (2008). The language curriculum: A social contextual perspective. Language Teaching, 41(2), 147–181. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0261444807004867

Gulo, F. A. (2024). Teachers’ Role and the Development of Curriculum. Sintaksis : Publikasi Para Ahli Bahasa Dan Sastra Inggris, 2(1), 226–230. https://doi.org/10.61132/sintaksis.v2i1.373

Hamid, A., Irshad-Ullah, H. M., & Faiz, Z. (2020). Role of Shadow Teacher in the provision of Academic and Social Support for Children with Special Needs at Inclusive Schools. Journal of Inclusive Education, 4(1), 129–144. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348880312

Hegedűs, G. (2021). Learning English through Shadow Education: Exploring Participants’ Motives and Experiences. Central European Journal of Educational Research, 3(2), 66–77. https://doi.org/10.37441/cejer/2021/3/2/9342

Hijriyani, Y. S., & Andriani, F. (2021). The Role of Shadow Teacher in Learning Management of Children with Special Needs in PAUD Terpadu Inklusi Bina Insan Kreatif Tasikmalaya. Jurnal Manajemen Pendidikan Islam, 5(2), 331–341. https://doi.org/10.32478/evaluasi.v5i2

Hockly, N. (2019). Automated writing evaluation. ELT Journal, 73(1), 82–88. https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/ccy044

Kallio, H., Pietilä, A. M., Johnson, M., & Kangasniemi, M. (2016). Systematic methodological review: developing a framework for a qualitative semi-structured interview guide. In Journal of Advanced Nursing (Vol. 72, Issue 12, pp. 2954–2965). Blackwell Publishing Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.13031

Kiger, M. E., & Varpio, L. (2020). Thematic analysis of qualitative data: AMEE Guide No. 131. Medical Teacher, 42(8), 846–854. https://doi.org/10.1080/0142159X.2020.1755030

Kujala, J., Sachs, S., Leinonen, H., Heikkinen, A., & Laude, D. (2022). Stakeholder Engagement: Past, Present, and Future. Business and Society, 61(5), 1136–1196. https://doi.org/10.1177/00076503211066595

Langley, A., & Abdallah, C. (2011). Templates and turns in qualitative studies of strategy and management. Research Methodology in Strategy and Management, 6, 201–235. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1479-8387(2011)0000006007

Liu, H., & Sammons, P. (2021). Teaching in the shadow: Explorations of teachers’ professional identities in private tutoring institutions in China. International Journal of Educational Research Open, 2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedro.2021.100071

Madayani, N. S., & Lilik, A. (2019). Practices of Teaching English to Young Learners: Voices from Islamic Primary Schools. Ijotl-Tl, 4(1), 117–144. https://doi.org/10.30957/ijotl-tl.v4i2.610.English

Mashuri, S., Sarib, M., Rasak, A., & Alhabsyi, F. (2022). Semi-structured Interview: A Methodological Reflection on the Development of a Qualitative Research Instrument in Educational Studies Ruslin. Journal of Research & Method in Education, 12(1), 22–29. https://doi.org/10.9790/7388-1201052229

Pillow, W. (2003). Confession, catharsis, or cure? Rethinking the uses of reflexivity as methodological power in qualitative research. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 16(2), 175–196.

Rassool, G. H. (2023). Curriculum design and development. Advancing Islāmic Psychology Education, 3(1), 47–60. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003329596-4

Regmi, C. R. (2023). Uncovering the Benefits and Challenges of Shadow Education in English Language Education-A Phenomenological Exploration. Journal of Bhuwanishankar , 2(1), 1–16.

Richards, J. (1984). Language Curriculum Development. RELC Journal, 15(1), 1–29. http://resolver.scholarsportal.info/resolve/00336882/v15i0001/1_lcd.xml

Robinson, D. (2017). Effective inclusive teacher education for special educational needs and disabilities: Some more thoughts on the way forward. Teaching and Teacher Education, 61, 164–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2016.09.007

Rosari, M. D. (2021). The Profile of Professional Identity of English Course Teachers in Yogyakarta. Language Teaching Journal, 11(2), 2021. http://jurnal.uin-antasari.ac.id/index.php

Saengboon, S. (2019). Shadow Education in Thailand: A Case Study of Thai English Tutors’ Perspectives towards the Roles of Private Supplementary Tutoring in Improving English Language Skills. LEARN Journal: Language Education and Acquisition Research Network, 12(1), 38–54.

Şenturk, B., Aksu Dunya, B., & Demir, M. C. (2023). Training 21st Century English Language Teachers in Turkish Context: Development of a Technology-Enhanced Measurement Curriculum. Eğitimde ve Psikolojide Ölçme ve Değerlendirme Dergisi, 14(Özel Sayı), 345–358. https://doi.org/10.21031/epod.1261763

Setiawan, B., & Rahman, M. (2023). Shadow Teacher Program As a Learning Companion for Inclusive Children / Children With Special Needs. Intelegensia: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam , 11(1), 84–93.

Shawer, S. F. (2010). Classroom-level curriculum development: EFL teachers as curriculum-developers, curriculum-makers and curriculum-transmitters. Teaching and Teacher Education, 26(2), 173–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2009.03.015

Soraya, L., & Widiastuty, H. (2023). Curriculum Design and Development in English Language Teaching. Jurnal Ilmiah Multidisiplin, 2(04), 109–113. https://doi.org/10.56127/jukim.v2i04.812

Soto, S. T. (2015). An Analysis of Curriculum Development. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 5(6), 1129. https://doi.org/10.17507/tpls.0506.02

Suherman, A., Komaro, M., & Berman, E. T. (2021). Perception of Engineering Education Students Using the Curriculum Design Module as a Guide in Developing a Syllabus and Learning Plan.

Wahyuningsih, S., & Afandi, M. (2020). Investigating English speaking problems: Implications for speaking curriculum development in Indonesia. European Journal of Educational Research, 9(3), 967–977. https://doi.org/10.12973/EU-JER.9.3.967

Widiaty, I., Ana, Riza, L. S., Abdullah, A. G., & Mubaroq, S. R. (2020). Multiplatform application technology – based heutagogy on learning batik: A curriculum development framework. Indonesian Journal of Science and Technology, 5(1), 45–61. https://doi.org/10.17509/ijost.v5i1.18754

Xiong, T., Li, Q., & Hu, G. (2022). Teaching English in the shadow: identity construction of private English language tutors in China. Discourse, 43(1), 73–85. https://doi.org/10.1080/01596306.2020.1805728

Yohaningsih, N. (2021). Reviewing Language Curriculum and Materials Development for Senior High School Level. Journal of English Language Teaching and Cultural Studies, 4(2), 102–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.48181/jelts.v4i2.13679

Downloads

Published

2025-06-20